Flexible Schedules: An Alternative for a More Satisfying, Productive Career
Valerie A. Flanary, MD Chair, WIO Awards Committee Assoc. Professor, Medical College of Wisc. The physician workforce is in a state of evolution. In the past, the field of medicine was predominantly male. The prototypical “doc” went in before dawn, came home late at night, and might even have made house calls. This was all in a day’s work. Today, busy lifestyles, technology, and a change in demographics with an increasing female presence have all helped to change the way medicine is practiced. Now, almost as many women graduate from medical school as do men. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, 48 percent of graduates from medical school were female in 2010. In the specialty of otolaryngology, women represented 29 percent. With change comes the need to adapt to the new reality. Younger physicians and female physicians are looking for more flexibility in the way medicine is practiced. They are changing the accepted norms in the perception of a “typical” physician work week. Several studies have addressed career satisfaction in women associated with flexibility of work schedule. A study from the Archives of Surgery1 examined the impact of family and gender on career goals. This study suggested women who were single or had no children were likely to identify lifestyle rather than income as a motivator for subspecialty training. Ahmadiyeh, et al.,2 looked at career satisfaction of women in surgery. Women cited reasons related to personal time and family relationships as important for satisfaction. In 2004, Caniano, et al.,3 surveyed female pediatric surgeons and found that 84 percent believed that quality of life was the reason fewer women choose surgery. They also desired more time for personal interests and family. Flexible work hours have been studied in several specialties. Kaderli, et al.,1 surveyed women in surgery and established that while moderately satisfied with their careers, 20 percent of women would like more flexible hours and a decreased workload. Troppman, et al.,4 also surveyed female surgeons, and discovered that they would like more strategies to have alternative work schedules. Key factors for career satisfaction for women in emergency medicine5 also include schedule flexibility. Welch, et al.,6 compared medical schools in the Big Ten and their policies on part-time, maternity leave, child-care options, and benefits. When compared using a scale of 0-21, schools scored between 9.25 and 13.5. She concluded while no school scored consistently low or high, flexible policies will lead to more retention and diversity when these issues are raised by using such comparisons. In order to harness the resources of individuals who desire more flexibility in their schedules, many institutions and practices have become more creative with their schedules. This creativity allows for more productive and happier physicians. Of the 14 years of my practice, I have spent the majority of my career working less than what is typically considered a Full Time Equivalent (FTE). Having a busy surgeon husband and two small children, I chose to be in the office three days per week, taking calls, and maintaining a clinical practice similar to that of my colleagues. I was still able to participate in committees on departmental, institutional, and national levels, write a triological thesis. A study from Boston7 compared women with reduced work hours to those with full-time hours. Women with reduced hours demonstrated stronger family relationships and more career satisfaction than those with full-time hours. The New England Journal of Medicine8 studied part-time physicians and their practices. This study found that those pursuing non-traditional schedules tended to be from two physician families, younger physicians, or doctors nearing retirement. Physicians usually took full call even though they spent less time in the office setting. The study concluded that these schedules promote work and family balance. There are advantages and disadvantages for the individual and the healthcare system when choosing a flexible schedule. Many would argue that doctors who are fresh, fully engaged, and enjoy what they are doing may be as or more clinically productive than their cohorts. Individuals have several reasons for choosing more flexible work hours. These include family obligations, non-academic pursuits, and reaching the twilight of their careers, nearing retirement. We are no longer using the term part time. Part time typically refers to working fewer than 20 hours per week. While in-office duties may account for 20 or more hours, physicians spend time working outside of the workplace. Time spent on call, answering pages, and telephone calls, as well as email, writing, and charting can all be done out of the office. Technology allows access to charts, radiology, and even some elements of physical examination. Caniano, et al.,3 also showed that women who spent less time in the office and worked at home tended to work longer hours. While most would only consider the disadvantages of a non-traditional schedule, there are many more advantages to consider. The Medical College of Wisconsin has pioneered a very successful full professional effort program. Through this program, the Medical College is able to recruit and retain productive women and men with personal choices and family obligations that would be more feasible using a more flexible schedule, as well as retain the experience and expertise of full professors who would simply like to slow down. The full professional effort program was first implemented in 1987, allowing physicians to work 0.6 FTE or more and continue to receive benefits, including retirement, disability, and health insurance. Currently, there are 145 individuals participating in this program. Ninety-eight are women, with an average of 0.73 FTE. There are 47 men in the program with an average of 0.68 FTE. In all, there are 24 full professors, 32 associate professors, 88 assistant professors, and one instructor. Individuals and their departments are able to work together to structure a formula that provides the best schedule for the doctor and the practice. This may include less academic time, more office time, less operating time, and myriad other as yet determined possibilities. Before embarking on a less than full presence at the workplace, compensation, academic advancement, and peer perception have to be considered. Compensation is based on several variables, including productivity, experience, and location. It is critical that we all start on a level playing ground. Lo Sasso et al9 found a $16,819 gap in pay between newly trained male and female physicians. The study also states women in otolaryngology make $32,207 less than their male counterparts. If compensation is based on productivity, a definition of productivity should be negotiated and an equitable agreement reached. As for academic advancement, there are several factors impacting this process. Publications, research, committee service, and recognition all should be considered. Much of the work performed for advancement can take place inside and outside of the office. Committee service on days in the office, writing at home, and teleconferencing with national committees are all acceptable means of getting the work done. Finally, peer perception can both positively and negatively impact flexible schedules. The fact is that both men and women can take advantage of a more flexible work schedule. Gender bias does still exist. Bucknall, et al.,10 surveyed medical students, patients, and male orthopedic surgeons. Sixty-two percent of female medical students would not consider orthopedics because of male dominance and disinterest. More female students had been exposed to negative attitudes regarding female surgeons. Shollen, et al.,11 surveyed faculty at a medical school and found women perceived more gender bias in promotion as well as salary. Flexible work schedules are a viable option for those seeking more flexibility in the work place. For both men and women, evidence suggests more career satisfaction and work/life integration. Before embarking down this path, there are several factors to be considered, including practice culture, call coverage, and compensation. For all surgeons, it may become the most desirable standard. However, during this evolutionary phase, open discussions and understanding of expectations before engaging in the process are paramount to mutually satisfying arrangements. References 1. Kaderli, R., U. Guller, et al. (2010). “Women in surgery: a survey in Switzerland.” Arch Surg 145(11): 1119-1121. 2. Ahmadiyeh, N., N. L. Cho, et al. (2010). “Career satisfaction of women in surgery: perceptions, factors, and strategies.” J Am Coll Surg 210(1): 23-28. 3. Caniano, D.A. , R.E. Sonnino, and A.N. Paolo. (2004). “Keys to Career Satisfatcion; Insights from a Survey of Women Pediatric Surgeons.” J Pediatric Surg 39(6) 984-990 4. Troppmann, K. M., B. E. Palis, et al. (2009). “Women surgeons in the new millennium.” Arch Surg 144(7): 635-642. 5. Clern, K.J., S.B. Promes, et al. (2008). “Factors Enhancing Career Satisfaction Among Female Emergency Physicians” Ann Emerg Med. 51(6) 723-728. 6. Welch, J.L., S.E. Wiehe, et al. (2011). “Flexibility in faculty work-life policies at medical schools in the big ten conference.” J Women’s Health. 20(5) 725-732. 7. Grandis, J. R., W. E. Gooding, et al. (2004). “The gender gap in a surgical subspecialty: analysis of career and lifestyle factors.” Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130(6): 695-702. 8. Darves, B. “Part-time physician practice on the rise.” New England J Med Career Center. 2010. 9. Lo Sasso, A. T., M. R. Richards, et al. (2011). “The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women.” Health Aff (Millwood) 30(2): 193-201. 10. Bucknall V, PB Pynsent. Sex and the otrhopaedic surgeon: a survey of patients, medical students, and male orthopaedic surgeon attitudes toward female orthopaedic surgeons. Surgeon, 2009. April 7(2):89-95. 11. Shollen, S. L., C. J. Bland, et al. (2009). “Organizational climate and family life: how these factors affect the status of women faculty at one medical school.” Acad Med 84(1): 87-94. 12. Barnett, R. C., K. C. Gareis, et al. (2005). “Career satisfaction and retention of a sample of women physicians who work reduced hours.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 14(2): 146-153. 13. Wynn, R., R. M. Rosenfeld, et al. (2005). “Satisfaction and gender issues in otolaryngology residency.” Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132(6): 823-827. 14. Ferguson, B. J. and J. R. Grandis (2006). “Women in otolaryngology: closing the gender gap.” Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 14(3): 159-163. 15. Schrager, S., A. Kolan, et al. (2007). “Is that your pager or mine: a survey of women academic family physicians in dual physician families.” WMJ 106(5): 251-255. 16. Goodyear, H. M. and F. Lynch (2007). “Flexible working: policies are supportive but culture and finances are not.” Postgrad Med J 83(985): 669-670. 17. Szczech, L. (2008). “Women in medicine: achieving tenure at home and work–prioritization is a personal decision.” Kidney Int 73(7): 793-794. 18. Morrissey, C. S. and M. L. Schmidt (2008). “Fixing the system, not the women: an innovative approach to faculty advancement.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 17(8): 1399-1408. 19. Jackson, I., M. Bobbin, et al. (2009). “A survey of women urology residents regarding career choice and practice challenges.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 18(11): 1867-1872. 20. Hebbard, P. C. and D. A. Wirtzfeld (2009). “Practice patterns and career satisfaction of Canadian female general surgeons.” Am J Surg 197(6): 721-727. 21. Cull, W. L., K. G. O’Connor, et al. (2010). “Part-time work among pediatricians expands.” Pediatrics 125(1): 152-157. 22. Dyrbye, L. N., T. D. Shanafelt, et al. (2010). “Physicians married or partnered to physicians: a comparative study in the American College of Surgeons.” J Am Coll Surg 211(5): 663-671.
Valerie A. Flanary, MD Chair, WIO Awards Committee Assoc. Professor, Medical College of Wisc.
The physician workforce is in a state of evolution. In the past, the field of medicine was predominantly male. The prototypical “doc” went in before dawn, came home late at night, and might even have made house calls. This was all in a day’s work. Today, busy lifestyles, technology, and a change in demographics with an increasing female presence have all helped to change the way medicine is practiced. Now, almost as many women graduate from medical school as do men. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, 48 percent of graduates from medical school were female in 2010. In the specialty of otolaryngology, women represented 29 percent. With change comes the need to adapt to the new reality. Younger physicians and female physicians are looking for more flexibility in the way medicine is practiced. They are changing the accepted norms in the perception of a “typical” physician work week.
Several studies have addressed career satisfaction in women associated with flexibility of work schedule. A study from the Archives of Surgery1 examined the impact of family and gender on career goals. This study suggested women who were single or had no children were likely to identify lifestyle rather than income as a motivator for subspecialty training. Ahmadiyeh, et al.,2 looked at career satisfaction of women in surgery. Women cited reasons related to personal time and family relationships as important for satisfaction. In 2004, Caniano, et al.,3 surveyed female pediatric surgeons and found that 84 percent believed that quality of life was the reason fewer women choose surgery. They also desired more time for personal interests and family.
Flexible work hours have been studied in several specialties. Kaderli, et al.,1 surveyed women in surgery and established that while moderately satisfied with their careers, 20 percent of women would like more flexible hours and a decreased workload. Troppman, et al.,4 also surveyed female surgeons, and discovered that they would like more strategies to have alternative work schedules. Key factors for career satisfaction for women in emergency medicine5 also include schedule flexibility. Welch, et al.,6 compared medical schools in the Big Ten and their policies on part-time, maternity leave, child-care options, and benefits. When compared using a scale of 0-21, schools scored between 9.25 and 13.5. She concluded while no school scored consistently low or high, flexible policies will lead to more retention and diversity when these issues are raised by using such comparisons.
In order to harness the resources of individuals who desire more flexibility in their schedules, many institutions and practices have become more creative with their schedules. This creativity allows for more productive and happier physicians. Of the 14 years of my practice, I have spent the majority of my career working less than what is typically considered a Full Time Equivalent (FTE). Having a busy surgeon husband and two small children, I chose to be in the office three days per week, taking calls, and maintaining a clinical practice similar to that of my colleagues. I was still able to participate in committees on departmental, institutional, and national levels, write a triological thesis. A study from Boston7 compared women with reduced work hours to those with full-time hours. Women with reduced hours demonstrated stronger family relationships and more career satisfaction than those with full-time hours. The New England Journal of Medicine8 studied part-time physicians and their practices. This study found that those pursuing non-traditional schedules tended to be from two physician families, younger physicians, or doctors nearing retirement. Physicians usually took full call even though they spent less time in the office setting. The study concluded that these schedules promote work and family balance.
There are advantages and disadvantages for the individual and the healthcare system when choosing a flexible schedule. Many would argue that doctors who are fresh, fully engaged, and enjoy what they are doing may be as or more clinically productive than their cohorts. Individuals have several reasons for choosing more flexible work hours. These include family obligations, non-academic pursuits, and reaching the twilight of their careers, nearing retirement. We are no longer using the term part time. Part time typically refers to working fewer than 20 hours per week. While in-office duties may account for 20 or more hours, physicians spend time working outside of the workplace. Time spent on call, answering pages, and telephone calls, as well as email, writing, and charting can all be done out of the office. Technology allows access to charts, radiology, and even some elements of physical examination. Caniano, et al.,3 also showed that women who spent less time in the office and worked at home tended to work longer hours. While most would only consider the disadvantages of a non-traditional schedule, there are many more advantages to consider.
The Medical College of Wisconsin has pioneered a very successful full professional effort program. Through this program, the Medical College is able to recruit and retain productive women and men with personal choices and family obligations that would be more feasible using a more flexible schedule, as well as retain the experience and expertise of full professors who would simply like to slow down. The full professional effort program was first implemented in 1987, allowing physicians to work 0.6 FTE or more and continue to receive benefits, including retirement, disability, and health insurance. Currently, there are 145 individuals participating in this program. Ninety-eight are women, with an average of 0.73 FTE. There are 47 men in the program with an average of 0.68 FTE. In all, there are 24 full professors, 32 associate professors, 88 assistant professors, and one instructor. Individuals and their departments are able to work together to structure a formula that provides the best schedule for the doctor and the practice. This may include less academic time, more office time, less operating time, and myriad other as yet determined possibilities.
Before embarking on a less than full presence at the workplace, compensation, academic advancement, and peer perception have to be considered. Compensation is based on several variables, including productivity, experience, and location. It is critical that we all start on a level playing ground. Lo Sasso et al9 found a $16,819 gap in pay between newly trained male and female physicians. The study also states women in otolaryngology make $32,207 less than their male counterparts. If compensation is based on productivity, a definition of productivity should be negotiated and an equitable agreement reached. As for academic advancement, there are several factors impacting this process. Publications, research, committee service, and recognition all should be considered. Much of the work performed for advancement can take place inside and outside of the office. Committee service on days in the office, writing at home, and teleconferencing with national committees are all acceptable means of getting the work done.
Finally, peer perception can both positively and negatively impact flexible schedules. The fact is that both men and women can take advantage of a more flexible work schedule. Gender bias does still exist. Bucknall, et al.,10 surveyed medical students, patients, and male orthopedic surgeons. Sixty-two percent of female medical students would not consider orthopedics because of male dominance and disinterest. More female students had been exposed to negative attitudes regarding female surgeons. Shollen, et al.,11 surveyed faculty at a medical school and found women perceived more gender bias in promotion as well as salary.
Flexible work schedules are a viable option for those seeking more flexibility in the work place. For both men and women, evidence suggests more career satisfaction and work/life integration. Before embarking down this path, there are several factors to be considered, including practice culture, call coverage, and compensation. For all surgeons, it may become the most desirable standard. However, during this evolutionary phase, open discussions and understanding of expectations before engaging in the process are paramount to mutually satisfying arrangements.
References
1. | Kaderli, R., U. Guller, et al. (2010). “Women in surgery: a survey in Switzerland.” Arch Surg 145(11): 1119-1121. |
2. | Ahmadiyeh, N., N. L. Cho, et al. (2010). “Career satisfaction of women in surgery: perceptions, factors, and strategies.” J Am Coll Surg 210(1): 23-28. |
3. | Caniano, D.A. , R.E. Sonnino, and A.N. Paolo. (2004). “Keys to Career Satisfatcion; Insights from a Survey of Women Pediatric Surgeons.” J Pediatric Surg 39(6) 984-990 |
4. | Troppmann, K. M., B. E. Palis, et al. (2009). “Women surgeons in the new millennium.” Arch Surg 144(7): 635-642. |
5. | Clern, K.J., S.B. Promes, et al. (2008). “Factors Enhancing Career Satisfaction Among Female Emergency Physicians” Ann Emerg Med. 51(6) 723-728. |
6. | Welch, J.L., S.E. Wiehe, et al. (2011). “Flexibility in faculty work-life policies at medical schools in the big ten conference.” J Women’s Health. 20(5) 725-732. |
7. | Grandis, J. R., W. E. Gooding, et al. (2004). “The gender gap in a surgical subspecialty: analysis of career and lifestyle factors.” Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130(6): 695-702. |
8. | Darves, B. “Part-time physician practice on the rise.” New England J Med Career Center. 2010. |
9. | Lo Sasso, A. T., M. R. Richards, et al. (2011). “The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women.” Health Aff (Millwood) 30(2): 193-201. |
10. | Bucknall V, PB Pynsent. Sex and the otrhopaedic surgeon: a survey of patients, medical students, and male orthopaedic surgeon attitudes toward female orthopaedic surgeons. Surgeon, 2009. April 7(2):89-95. |
11. | Shollen, S. L., C. J. Bland, et al. (2009). “Organizational climate and family life: how these factors affect the status of women faculty at one medical school.” Acad Med 84(1): 87-94. |
12. | Barnett, R. C., K. C. Gareis, et al. (2005). “Career satisfaction and retention of a sample of women physicians who work reduced hours.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 14(2): 146-153. |
13. | Wynn, R., R. M. Rosenfeld, et al. (2005). “Satisfaction and gender issues in otolaryngology residency.” Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132(6): 823-827. |
14. | Ferguson, B. J. and J. R. Grandis (2006). “Women in otolaryngology: closing the gender gap.” Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 14(3): 159-163. |
15. | Schrager, S., A. Kolan, et al. (2007). “Is that your pager or mine: a survey of women academic family physicians in dual physician families.” WMJ 106(5): 251-255. |
16. | Goodyear, H. M. and F. Lynch (2007). “Flexible working: policies are supportive but culture and finances are not.” Postgrad Med J 83(985): 669-670. |
17. | Szczech, L. (2008). “Women in medicine: achieving tenure at home and work–prioritization is a personal decision.” Kidney Int 73(7): 793-794. |
18. | Morrissey, C. S. and M. L. Schmidt (2008). “Fixing the system, not the women: an innovative approach to faculty advancement.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 17(8): 1399-1408. |
19. | Jackson, I., M. Bobbin, et al. (2009). “A survey of women urology residents regarding career choice and practice challenges.” J Womens Health (Larchmt) 18(11): 1867-1872. |
20. | Hebbard, P. C. and D. A. Wirtzfeld (2009). “Practice patterns and career satisfaction of Canadian female general surgeons.” Am J Surg 197(6): 721-727. |
21. | Cull, W. L., K. G. O’Connor, et al. (2010). “Part-time work among pediatricians expands.” Pediatrics 125(1): 152-157. |
22. | Dyrbye, L. N., T. D. Shanafelt, et al. (2010). “Physicians married or partnered to physicians: a comparative study in the American College of Surgeons.” J Am Coll Surg 211(5): 663-671. |